Multilateralism and the International Organizations Essay

Multilateralism and the International Organizations - Essay Example The first modern instances of multilateralism occurred in the nineteenth century in Europe after the end of the Napoleonic Wars where the great powers met to redraw the map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna. The Concert of Europe, as it became known, was a group of great and lesser powers that would meet to resolve issues peacefully. Conferences such as the Conference of Berlin in 1884 helped reduce great power conflicts during this period, and the nineteenth century was one of the Europes most peaceful. This system, however, was destroyed by the First World War and consequently, the League of Nations was created by the conflict world leaders in order to try to prevent any other form of conflict. Still, after the Second World War, the leaders saw the League of Nations failure and decided to create the United Nations in 1945 with a structure intended to address the weaknesses of the previous body. Unlike the League, the UN had the active participation of the United States and the Soviet Union, the worlds two greatest contemporary powers. Along with the political institutions of the UN, the post-war years a wide array of other multilateral organizations such as the GATT (now the World Trade Organization), the World Bank and the World Health Organization developed. The collective multilateral framework played an important role in maintaining world peace in the Cold War. Moreover, United Nations peacekeepers stationed around the world became one of the most visible symbols of multilatera lism in recent decades. Today there are so many   multilateral institutions of varying scope and subject matter, ranging from the International Telecommunication Unit (ITU) to the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) and Organisation For the Prohibition Of Chemical Weapons(OPCW); although many such organizations were founded or are supported by the UN, they are   by no means maintained within the UN system.  Ã‚  

Customer Relationship Management Strategy Essay Example for Free

Customer Relationship Management Strategy Essay 1)Introduction Customer Relationship Management (CRM) has become a main focus for businesses with today’s markets becoming more saturated and competitive. ‘Customer Relationship Management is the ultimate challenge for marketing experts in any business. A successful company will use customer information wisely to build relationships with their customers, on the level that together they will work together towards a long-term relationship.’ (Xu et al. 2002) High customer Intimacy can be produced from these processes and strategy. ‘Customer intimacy is an essential factor in the Customer Relationship Management value chain’ (Buttle, 2004). This marketing strategy consists of a business using ways to get close to clients with benefits for a business including improved highly tailored problem solving capabilities and greater adaptation of products to customer needs, as well as higher customer loyalty levels. This customer intimacy has a major impact on the success on a company and we can see this in modern organisations. We see that customer satisfaction alone is not enough,’Oglivy Loyalty Centre found that, although 85% of customers reported being satisfied, only 40% repurchased’ (McKenzie,1995) and therefore customer must use CRM to help improve their customer intimacy. However, to what extent does the strategy and processes involved with CRM help achieve this customer intimacy and in what was are these processes seen as beneficial for both the customer and the company. The focus of this paper is to look at the ways in which organisation use various forms of CRM strategy and processes in order create better, and lasting relationships with their customers. 2)Membership Cards One way in which many companies, especially retail, aim to increase their customer intimacy is through membership card schemes. These can come in many different forms from and offer a variety of advantages for the customer to use. The main feature of all of these themes is that the customer is rewarded in some way, and in effect, keeps the customer happy and encourages repeat trade. However many card schemes go a step further and are used for the advantage of both the customer and the company. ‘Around 80% of UK households participate in at least one customer loyalty card scheme’ (Stone et al. 2008) and they come in different forms such as the Tesco’ Clubcard, Boots’ Advantage Card and Sainsburys’ Nectar Card. The common feature these cards have is that not only do they provide offers for the customer, but they allow companies to collect valuable data which, in turn improves customer intimacy between the business and the customer. ‘Using customer data and targeting those customers helped make the retailer’s transition much more efficient’ (Shaw, 2012). 2.1)Membership Card Achieving Customer Intimacy This data is extremely valuable to a company. They spend millions of pounds each year conducting market research to try and find out their customers’ requirements, expectations and preferences. With the use of this card, the technology builds up this information and stores it all to databases. This provides a company with useful information which will allow them to target their customers in such a way that they can build up an everlasting relationship. ‘Customer Relationship Management is grounded on high quality customer-related data and enabled by information technology, (Buttle, 2009). With this card, a business, such as the market leaders of Tescos and Boots can see everything they wish to know about their buyer. This can vary from the information upon registering their card such as age, geographical location, contact details. Along with this, the card will collect data such as what the customer buys, how much they spend and how often. A company can see trends in a particular region, a need for a particular age group and they can segment their products to a more specialised market. ‘Companies get a clear view as to how their business affects individual customers; associated segmentation and other benefits’ (Stone et al, 2008). In addition, to further improve customer intimacy, a company can target a customer and send offers for the products they buy most through email or by post all of which strengthens this bond between customer and company. Here we see a table which shows us the ladder of customer loyalty. With an increase in customer intimacy, a business can take prospecting purchaser and convey them into a loyal customer (Christopher at al, 1998). 2.2)The Cooperative Membership Card The company to demonstrate is The Co-operative Food. Retail chains are at the fore-front for advances in technology and are competing for ways in which to understand their customers and use the strategies to improve customer intimacy. The purchasing behavior in food retail is the most repetitive of all (Manas, 2011), so to get this customer intimacy correct has never been more important. The Co-operative Food (Co-op) uses their loyalty strategy by having membership scheme available to all colleagues and customers. This card acts as most retail cards do in that they collect a customer’s information which is then fed to the company’s data base. There is a number of ways in which this card creates an improvement in customer intimacy. First of all, unlike all of the other schemes available, twice a year the Co-op gives a share of its profits through the post to all of the members of the scheme. ‘You can enjoy your share of the profits along with exclusive member discounts and offers’ (www.co-operative.coop/membership). Along with this, each customer is sent a seasonal brochure from the company. Inside, it gives a customer details of how the company is operating, information of how the company is helping the community, recipes for things to make with the coop products along with vouchers to spend in store. Another scheme used by the coop is membership coupons which are printed at the till terminal which allow money off the next spend. These strategies allow a mutual benefit; the company is updated with a customer’s information, along with the customer receiving healthy benefits from the company encouraging customer intimacy. 3)Customer Interaction Another strategy that many organisations use to create a high level of customer intimacy is through customer interaction. Many companies use schemes which allow employers to either speak face to face with a customer or give them a platform to have their voice heard. ‘By giving your customers a platform for reaching prospects, your marketing efforts become more objective and inclusive’ (Rast, 2012). This customer interaction can be seen in many different forms, varying form feedback surveys, forums or mystery shopper visits. This can be seen in many different organisations which are customer focused. Examples of these include online survey/feedback forms which can be found for most organisations, customer

Growing-Up Explored in Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen Essay -- Yoshimoto K

Growing-Up Explored in Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen The first time I read Kitchen, I knew I was experiencing something very special. Not since my initial reading of Catcher in the Rye have I witnessed such a perceptive look at the joys and pains of growing up. These coming-of-age novels capture our attention with plots that, while twisting and turning in creative, off-beat ways, remain believable. The writers of these novels tell us their stories with a subtle style more exciting than that of textbooks and assigned reading, a style not unlike a good one-sided conversation. Finally, within this great style of writing, the authors infuse honest insights, often humorous and sometimes poignant, which do not carry a lecturing or authoritative tone. Banana Yoshimoto, as translated by Megan Backus, incorporates these three elements of a successful coming-of-age novel into Kitchen skillfully. The result is magnificent. To keep a young person interested, an author must weave an interesting story. Kitchen is fascinating because the premise of the story is original: A Japanese twenty-something's grandmother dies and is taken in by an employee of her grandmother's favorite flower shop and his transvestite mother. Along the course of the story, the heroine discovers a passion for cooking, the young man dreams a dream with the heroine, and a crazy admirer kills the transvestite mother. In the end, the heroine and the young man realize their love for each other, without even having shared a passionate kiss. Such a plot is interesting to the average teenager who craves the out-of-the-ordinary; she wants escape. Kitchen certainly provides something different, but it does so in a familiar way. When the heroine Mikage finds out that Yuichi's m... ...xperiencing life. When I read Kitchen, I sympathized with Mikage's loss of her grandmother. Until now, I still do not truly know how such a loss feels. So, in some ways, to read a coming-of-age novel is an identification with what you have experienced and a preparation for that which has yet to come. Some may argue that Kitchen is interesting simply because it is written by a foreigner. Without speaking Japanese and reading the original material, we may not know how close the translation is. I argue that it doesn't matter. No matter from where you have come or how far in life you have gotten, after spending a little time in the Kitchen, you will have learned without feeling you have been taught. In the world of those who are still growing up, that is the best way to learn. Work Cited Yoshimoto, Banana. Kitchen. Trans. Megan Backus. NY: Washington Square, 1988.

The dam human race

The Damned Human Race Mark Twain stated that he has been studying the traits and dispositions of animals and contrasting them with that of man. Be he ashamed to report that his findings are humiliating and that the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the lower animals should be called the Descent of Man from the higher animal. Twain did many â€Å"experiments† and spent much time observing his subjects. Twain first talks about how man is ravenous. An English Earl organized a buffalo slaughter.He and his party killed 72 buffalo and only ate the meat off of part of one. He tried the same hype of experiment with an anaconda where he put seven calves into a cage with an anaconda. The anaconda only ate one and then left the rest alone. Twain thinks that this shows that the Earl is descended from the anaconda rather than the other way around and that the Earl had lost something in the transition. He also points out that people will keep accumulating money, even if they have m ore than they can spend in a lifetime.Squirrels, birds, and bees also collect things, but even when given an opportunity by twain to collect more than their winter's supply, they would not do it. This led Twain to the conclusion that people are also materialistic and miserly. His other experiments also recognized many bad human traits such as revenge, offensiveness, vulgarity, obscenity, war, slavery, Patriotism, and religion. Twain believes that the defect In humans Is the moral sense which both distinguishes and creates evil at the same time.Twain essay can be Interpreted In many ways because of its symbolism and Irony. Personally I feel that Twain's essay Is entirely truthful. Even If Twain was meaning to be Ironic I think that he made a lot of good points on the negative aspect of human emotion and life. He provides many situations that are both possible and likely to happen I think this essay Is very affective at portraying Twain's view of the world because It Includes both rea listic and relevant experiments, and historical evidence. This realism adds a certain truth to the piece that Is hard to Ignore.Because of this I feel that this piece Is a very strong eye opener to any people living In the dark. It provides useful knowledge about what Is going on Inside many human heads to some degree. It may even tell you about yourself, but then again If you are suffering from these traits then you will most likely not know because you are already so used to doing these things that they are ingrained Into your mind. By reading this I got a very good Interpretation of humans, which I have never thought about before. He dam human race By staff believes that the defect in humans is the moral sense which both distinguishes and creates evil at the same time. Twain essay can be interpreted in many ways because of its symbolism and irony. Personally I feel that Twain's essay is entirely truthful. Even if Twain was meaning to be ironic I think that he made a lot of good p oints on both possible and likely to happen I think this essay is very affective at portraying Twain's view of the world because it includes both realistic and relevant experiments, and historical evidence.This realism adds a certain truth to the piece that is hard to ignore. Because of this I feel that this piece is a very strong eye opener to any people living in the dark. It provides useful knowledge about what is going on inside many human heads to some degree. It may even tell you about yourself, but then again if already so used to doing these things that they are ingrained into your mind. By reading this I got a very good interpretation of humans, which I have never thought

Research: Critical Thinking and Argument

Leslie Winkle Nicole Fewins March 15, 2010 Case 3 1) Why is it important for your research investigation that you be critical when reviewing the literature? It is important to be critical when reviewing literature in order to find information that is going to be useful for the argument. Being critical of the information and different pieces of literature that you find is going to be the key to becoming educated on the topic and will help to develop a well rounded understanding of the information. Finding well researched documents will also help in the development of the research question.By finding several sources of literature to be reviewed, the writer will be able to support his or her argument more effectively because they will have more evidence to support their argument. 2) What might Sarah’s project tutor mean by suggesting that a critical literature review should be ‘balanced’? Sarah’s project tutor wants her to have a balanced literature review. Wh en referring to a ‘balanced’ literature review, he means that the final project should show both sides of the argument to a certain degree. There is not a way to discuss a topic critically and have it be only a one sided argument.The writer, in this case Sarah, needs to show the alternative side to her argument, and why some may believe that she is not correct. By being able to challenge the argument and still prove why her argument is a better solution her paper will be more persuasive. 3) What does Sarah need to do to develop a literature review which is sufficiently critical, yet also sufficiently balanced? Sarah’s research needs to be critical to help prove her argument. It also has to be balanced in a way that does not confuse the reader of what her argument is.Sometimes balanced literature reviews do not sufficiently support the argument. Instead, they merely discuss the pros and cons of the issue. Sarah’s first two drafts of her literature review we re not balanced. The first one did not show the alternative to her argument. And the second draft was too critical, in that it did not prove her argument. A balanced piece of work will highlight reasons that support the question or thesis, while still showing alternatives to the argument. This shows both sides of the argument while emphasizing reasons why the writer’s opinion is the optimal one.

Free sample - Childrens Health. translation missing

Childrens Health. Children's HealthAccording to the auther the reason of this study is because of the emerging potential toxity in humans. The investigation done is on how urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolities is related to childrens intellectual functioning. He has taken a comprehensive study of elementary children in five cities in south Korea by taking a cross-section examination on   the urine phthalate concentrations on both the children and their mothers.   The findings show that they measured  Ã‚   â€Å"mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)† which are metabolies of â€Å" di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and mono-nbutyl phthalate (MBP), a metabolite of dibutyl phthalate (DBP)† in the urine .   â€Å"The geometricmean (ln) concentrations of MEHP, MEOHP, and MBP were 21.3 ÃŽ ¼g/L [geometric SD (GSD) = 2.2 ÃŽ ¼g/L; range, 0.5-445.4], 18.0 ÃŽ ¼g/L (GSD = 2.4; range, 0.07-291.1), and 48.9 ÃŽ ¼g/L (GSD = 2.2; range, 2.1- 1645.5), respectively†. The chronological results show that the full scale IQ and verbal IQ were nagatively associated with DEHP but not   WITH DBP metabolities. The results of this finding   are very comprehensive as thay also show that there is a negative relationship between trhe children vocabulary use and the concentration of the urine. After an extensive marternal IQ controll the findings shw that a large inverse relationship between DEHP metabolities and the use of vocabulary also remained. There is a difference between boys and girls as boys show a negative association between increasing MEHP phthalate concentrations and the total sum of DEHP metabolite concentrations while girls   shown   had little or no association between these variables. Howevr the auther does not show clear evidence on the same and critical study in the field is highly required. In the methods of study the auther extensively talks of  Ã‚   a study conducted between april and october 2008 which was named â€Å" Effects of Pollution on Neurobehavioral Development and future Policies to Protect our children†. The study assessed different elements such as Lead, Mercury and manganese in the dlood as welll as neurocognitive functioning of children including attention and concentration together with   their general intelligence. So as to asses the childrens marternal IQ, their child developmental state, their mothers were also interviewed. The study was well formulated and carried out as mothers were   given quistionares which were to be filled on the details regarding the surrounding environment. The study had followed all the rules and regulations as it had been passed by â€Å"The Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital†.   Applications had been sent to elementary children and their mothers for them to participate i n the study and 667 children accompanied by their mothers turned in. While measuring childrens cognitive functioning, students were availed with a form,   â€Å"KEDI-WISC† which consisted   vocabularly, arithmetic, picture arrangement and block design tests. The form according to the auther is validated   with Korean children to use as a determiner of global estimates of intellectual functioning. Since the examiners in the study were not aware of the children IQ, they used   â€Å"Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS) â€Å" to their mothers while they were measuring   martenal cognitive function. The tests on this included   pure arrangement, vocalbulary use and block design tests.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On determining phthalate metabolites in urine   in the   study   â€Å"primary metabolite of dibutylphthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), andtwo secondary metabolites of DEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP) were used†. Urine was collected using paper cups from   all the children who were subject to the study between nine and eleven in the morning. After collection, th urine was placed in containers   â€Å"(high-clarity polypropylene Falcon tubes)† and stored at –20 °C   untill the analyzation of the . Field blanks consisted of purified water. The are then brought to room temperature and vortexed after thawing.  Ã‚   Acritical and extensive of the methods used has been well shown in the study following all steps and explanation of the procedures. At all   this study has a critical and technical approach as it takes the   reader through all the steps used in the study. While doing the statistcal analysis the study, used t-tests of the students or â€Å"(ANOVAs)† for testing continues variables and the chisquare test for categorical mvariables. A comprehensive use of   linear regression analysis was used in the study to analyse the association between â€Å"urine phthalate (MEOHP,MEHP, and MBP) concentration and WISC IQ scores†. Since the distribution of the metabolite was skewed in the sample, log-transformed values were highly used. From the variables on the analysis carried out regression models have been built. Taking th IQ score as the primary dependent variable and the urine phthalate concentrations as the primary independent variables.   A set of covariates based on the predicators childrens cognitive functioning helped to perform the regression analysis.   After this study models have been improved on the developmental socioeconomic and IQ variables. The study however does not give us clear evidence on the martenal IQ as it present models with and without   the Martenal IQ. In the study all analysis were considered important. The study in their results analyzing the relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and children’s IQ scores show that there is a negative association between IQ and urine phthalates in humans. The study is of great significance comparing it with other studies that have been done since its the first to show the above results. It is there true to say that a child’s IQ may be affected by genetic, educational, familial and social factors.however these results may contrast with any   observed association between the line of study and the income. To help readers nunderstand this , this study tried to determine whether â€Å"phthalates were inversely associated with children’scognition independent of potential confounders†. Before the study could adjust for martenal IQ, it found inverse relationships between â€Å"MEHP, MEOHP, and the sum of secondarymetabolites for DEHP and the children’sFSIQ, VIQ, and vocabulary and block design Scores † also vocabulary score was negatively associated with MBP. This study found that maternal IQ is one of the cofounders of children’s IQ. The study also found that adjusting for a confounder that has a stronger effect than the valuable of interest can most of the time lead to underratings in the true effect of this variable. Control for maternal IQ according to the study had a great impact on the effect size of the alliance between phthalates and IQ. It may act as a confounder especially if the maternal IQ and the level of phthalates in children   have a link to each other. It is noted that MIQ might have had an influence on the childrens environmental exposure to the substances which were to be seen on th level of phthalate metabolites.  Ã‚   All in all MIQ have effects on the children IQ, therefore affecting affecting the association between child IQ and phthalate level however the study revealed that after MIQ, MEHP, MEOHP, and the sum of secondary metabolites of DEHP had been adjusted there were inverse relationships with children’s vocabulary scores. We cannot at whtsoever means say that this study provided enough evidence of a definative association between phthalates with children’s IQ indipendent of MIQ because there could be a residual confounding of matarnal IQ. The study shows that children are of special concern regarding phthalate exposure due to their neurodevelopmental state. Also if they are subjected to neurotoxic agents, there is likelyhood that they will suffer due to critical periods of vulnerability for their developing nerves. Even after birth, Neurotoxic agents could disrupt the temporal and regional emergence of critical Developmental processes. Even if this study has most of advantages, it has some disadvantages. Atleast 16 phthalene metabolites in urine can be measured but in this study only three were measured which were limited to the specifications of the study. They measured three based on availability of standard , childrens likely exposure, and technical experience of the analysis. They only used one measurement, which may not have same results as when they would have in examining the level and severity of chronic exposure. Judging from a single spot-urine measurement could have given wrong answers, as it may not reflect long term-exposure since Phthalates are rapidly metabolized and excreted. However, on phthalate measurements over time according to other different studies, there is moderate consistency. The study assumes that when multiple experiments are consistent, then a single measurement reflects a typical measurement. Another limitation is that the study did not show results of maternal levels of exposure. Also the maternal IQ had a large effect size on the associations making it not possible to tell whether the quality of the home environment and stimulation provided in the home could be   potential confounders. This article is a succes as it gives the readers a clear picture of what was carried out , the mode of study, the evidence used, materials and methods. Many of the readers would get   the objectives of the writer and accesit according to his or her expectations. However, the study has been based on many assumptions making the reader to doubt its results. I would recommend that as you read this article it is critical that you have your objective of the findings and the discussion made by the writer keeping in mind that   it has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Free Essays on Yuan Drama

Yuan Drama History During the period of Mongol rule in China, the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), there were great developments and evolution in the area of performance art. It was during this period that a style of theatre referred to as poetic musical drama, or as zaju (tsa chu, "mixed entertainments"), gained greatly in popularity and reached what is viewed as its Golden Age. Therefore, this style later came to be known as Yuan ch'u ("Yuan Songs"), Mongol theatre, or Yuan drama. This classical and highly stylized form of theatre, an ancestor of the Chinese opera, called for entertainers, both male and female, to sing, act, mime, and play music. Through the use of such skills, the performers presented stories of political intrigue, heroism, villainy, filial devotion, and the faith of lovers. The Yuan plays themselves were often works by Chinese scholars and intellectuals, though Mongols, and others are also noted to have been dramatists .As was the case with many Yuan dramas, the stories were usually based on earlier materials: older Chinese tales and anecdotes that were already familiar to the people. The playwrights, though, took liberties to adapt and rework the materials for their own purpose, sometimes slipping clever political commentaries into their works. The most celebrated and prolific writer among the Yuan playwrights was Guan Hanqing(1241?-1320?). The development of Yuan drama The Yuan Dynasty marked a period of Mongol domination in China. During this period, the existing Chinese government and society were practically turned upside-down by the Mongol conquerors; With much of traditional Confucianism put down and degraded by the Mongols, intellectuals found they could think freely for the first time in many long years since much of the Confucian conservatism had stood in the way of the true creative power in Chinese. While high-seated Chinese officials lost status during the Yuan era, entertainers - musicians, act... Free Essays on Yuan Drama Free Essays on Yuan Drama Yuan Drama History During the period of Mongol rule in China, the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), there were great developments and evolution in the area of performance art. It was during this period that a style of theatre referred to as poetic musical drama, or as zaju (tsa chu, "mixed entertainments"), gained greatly in popularity and reached what is viewed as its Golden Age. Therefore, this style later came to be known as Yuan ch'u ("Yuan Songs"), Mongol theatre, or Yuan drama. This classical and highly stylized form of theatre, an ancestor of the Chinese opera, called for entertainers, both male and female, to sing, act, mime, and play music. Through the use of such skills, the performers presented stories of political intrigue, heroism, villainy, filial devotion, and the faith of lovers. The Yuan plays themselves were often works by Chinese scholars and intellectuals, though Mongols, and others are also noted to have been dramatists .As was the case with many Yuan dramas, the stories were usually based on earlier materials: older Chinese tales and anecdotes that were already familiar to the people. The playwrights, though, took liberties to adapt and rework the materials for their own purpose, sometimes slipping clever political commentaries into their works. The most celebrated and prolific writer among the Yuan playwrights was Guan Hanqing(1241?-1320?). The development of Yuan drama The Yuan Dynasty marked a period of Mongol domination in China. During this period, the existing Chinese government and society were practically turned upside-down by the Mongol conquerors; With much of traditional Confucianism put down and degraded by the Mongols, intellectuals found they could think freely for the first time in many long years since much of the Confucian conservatism had stood in the way of the true creative power in Chinese. While high-seated Chinese officials lost status during the Yuan era, entertainers - musicians, act...

Chromosome Function and Mutation

Chromosome Function and Mutation A chromosome is a long, stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information and is formed from condensed chromatin. Chromatin is composed of DNA and proteins that are tightly packed together to form  chromatin fibers. Condensed chromatin fibers form chromosomes. Chromosomes are located within the nucleus of our cells. They are paired together (one from the mother and one from the father) and are known as homologous chromosomes. During cell division, chromosomes are replicated and distributed equally among each new daughter cell. Key Takeaways: Chromosomes Chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins packed tightly to form long chromatin fibers. Chromosomes house genes responsible for the inheritance of traits and guidance of life processes.Chromosome structure consists of a long arm region and a short arm region connected at a central region known as a centromere. The ends of a chromosome are called telomeres.Duplicated or replicated chromosomes have the familiar X-shape and are composed of identical sister chromatids.During cell division, sister chromatids separate and are incorporated into new daughter cells.Chromosomes contain the genetic codes for protein production. Proteins regulate vital cellular processes and provide structural support for cells and tissues.Chromosome mutations result in changes in chromosome structure or changes in cellular chromosome numbers. Mutations most often have harmful consequences. Chromosome Structure A telomere is a region of the DNA sequence at the end of a chromosome. Their function is to protect the ends of the chromosome from degradation. Here they are visible as highlights at the tips of the chromosomes. Credit: Science Picture Co/Subjects/Getty Images A non-duplicated chromosome is single-stranded and consists of a centromere region that connects two arm regions. The short arm region is called the p arm and the long arm region is called the ​q arm. The end region of a chromosome is called a telomere. Telomeres consist of repeating non-coding DNA  sequences that get shorter as a cell divides. Chromosome Duplication Chromosome duplication occurs prior to the division processes of mitosis and meiosis. DNA replication processes allow correct chromosome numbers to be preserved after the original cell divides. A duplicated chromosome is comprised of two identical chromosomes called sister chromatids that are connected at the centromere region. Sister chromatids remain together until the end of the division process where they are separated by spindle fibers and enclosed within separate cells. Once the paired chromatids separate from one another, each is known as a daughter chromosome. Chromosomes and Cell Division Chromosomes are threadlike structures composed of DNA and proteins. During cell division, chromosomes consist of two arms, or chromatids, which are joined by a centromere. Joined chromatids are called sister chromatids. Credit: Adrian T Sumner/The Image Bank/Getty Images One of the most important elements of successful cell division is the correct distribution of chromosomes. In mitosis, this means that chromosomes must be distributed between two daughter cells. In meiosis, chromosomes must be distributed among four daughter cells. The cells spindle apparatus is responsible for moving chromosomes during cell division. This type of cell movement is due to interactions between spindle microtubules and motor proteins, which work together to manipulate and separate chromosomes. It is vitally important that a correct number of chromosomes be preserved in dividing cells. Errors that occur during cell division may result in individuals with unbalanced chromosome numbers. Their cells may have either too many or not enough chromosomes. This type of occurrence is known as aneuploidy and may happen in autosomal chromosomes during mitosis or in sex chromosomes during meiosis. Anomalies in chromosome numbers can result in birth defects, developmental disabilities, and death. Chromosomes and Protein Production DNA is transcribed and translated to produce proteins. Reverse transcription converts RNA to DNA. ttsz/iStock/Getty Images Plus   Protein production is a vital cell process that is dependent upon chromosomes and DNA. Proteins are important molecules that are necessary for almost all cell functions. Chromosomal DNA contains segments called genes that code for proteins. During protein production, the DNA unwinds and its coding segments are transcribed into an RNA transcript. This copy of the DNA message is exported from the nucleus and then translated to form a protein. Ribosomes and another RNA molecule, called transfer RNA, work together to bind to the RNA transcript and convert the coded message into a protein. Chromosome Mutation Genetic Mutation. BlackJack3D/E/Getty Images Chromosome mutations are changes that occur in chromosomes and are typically the result of either errors that happen during meiosis or by exposure to mutagens such as chemicals or radiation. Chromosome breakage and duplications can cause several types of chromosome structural changes that are typically harmful to the individual. These types of mutations result in chromosomes with extra genes, not enough genes, or genes that are in the wrong sequence. Mutations can also produce cells that have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Abnormal chromosome numbers typically occur as a result of nondisjunction or the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.

Air Pollution in Los Angeles, CA Research Paper

Air Pollution in Los Angeles, CA - Research Paper Example Beginning back in the 1960s, the United States began drafting multiple versions of legislation designed to clean up the area. The intent of these policies was to strengthen existing legislation governing air pollution through the industrialized world, particularly in the United States and in Europe. Commonly referred to as the Clean Air Act, there were limits placed on certain groups of air pollutants, and cities were required to report particulate levels and to state what the were doing to enforce the policies set forth in the legislation. Naturally, Los Angeles is a primary target of the Clean Air Acts. This paper aims to discuss current policies being implemented in the Los Angeles area, look at the long term impacts of air pollution if current curbing measure to not work, and the effect that air pollution has on the minority communities around Los Angeles. Current Public Policies Current policies in place in America overall seem to be having a positive affect. Over the course of the past four decades, levels of carbon monoxide emissions have been reduce by nearly 100 million tons. Nitrogen oxide emission have fallen about 8 million tons, while emissions from sulfur dioxides have been reduced about in half. In general, the United States has seen particulate emissions fall by more than 80% and lead emission by more than 98% (Jerrett and Calle 731). While these figures represent a significant improvement, they do not tell the complete story. Pollution in Los Angeles still remains a serious problem. Certain areas are more polluted that young children and the elderly can handle, leading to countless health issues and even death. The government of Los Angeles County is still seeking ways to reduce pollution across communities for the benefit of all people. For decades, Los Angeles has had some of the, if not the most, polluted air in the country. Los Angeles has the most polluted ozone and the fourth most polluted year-round particulate levels (Su & Jerrett 662). Many attribute the problem to the dense population in the city and its notorious traffic congestion. As such, most legislative policies aimed at reducing air pollution have been aimed at reducing traffic related issues. This has not paid dividends, which is one of the contributing factors behind Los Angeles lagging behind other cities its size in reducing the level of toxic chemicals in the air (Linn & Szlachcic 429). The public, and indeed the government, see the problem of air pollution as being the most serious environmental issue facing the city (Kunzli & Jerrett 202). While the Environmental Protection Agency, an arm of the federal government, has proposed even stricter regulations on air pollution levels and companies that pollute, subsequent presidential administrations have been hesitant to ask out of risk of the adverse economic impact that might result. They also point out the reality that there has been a decrease in the amount of air pollutants in recent decades, yet th is is not enough in the eyes of many. Many experts in the field contend that the improvements have only taken the problem from ‘dangerously high’ to ‘dangerous’

Arizona statehood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arizona statehood - Essay Example Wanting to return to Spain, de Vaca turned him down, and Marcos turned to Estevanico for help, letting him go ahead of him. Francisco Vasquez led an invading army of Spaniards, looking for the mythical gold cities, the following year (AZ Big Media, 2011). However, Coronado made it only as far as Kansas before turning back, his only major discovery being the Grand Canyon. For the next 250 years, from 1540-1810, the Spaniards ruled Arizona, considering it a desert land that was worthless and left its natives alone (The Robinson Library, 2012). It was referred to as New Spain’s Pimeria Alta colony. However, silver and gold were soon discovered and they began expanding their influence by moving in that area. Arizona’s name comes from Spaniard owned silver mines. Father Kino who was an Italian priest came along with the Spaniards and was the most famous European at this time. Father Kino was instrumental in bringing new farming methods and education. As a fierce opponent of slavery, he was hugely popular among the natives of Arizona (The Robinson Library, 2012). During his mission to bring the Southern Arizona tribes to Christianity, he established twenty-four towns and missions including Tucson. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1810 and Arizona formed part of its territory. Some American mountain men did venture into Arizona, including Kit Carson who was the first American to travel the length of Arizona and back, but it was left alone for a while since its tribes were considered savages. America moved against Mexico in 1846 to seize land stretching from Texas down to the Pacific Ocean (e-RD, 2011). However, they had no way to get to California, which they had already established interest in before the beginning of the war. On the other hand, the Mormons had been evicted from Illinois, and they wanted to establish a colony in Utah. Therefore, they struck a deal with the US government as suppliers of labor to build a road from New Mexico to San Diego. They managed this but by using a longer route than was necessary, although this meant that they escaped the Apaches, who were known to be vicious and would have attacked them (e-RD, 2011). After, winning the Mexican war, the question turned to the drawing of the Southern border. The Northern States, which were the most dominant, wanted the line as north as possible since New Mexico and Southern Arizona was a slave friendly territory as it lay south of the line at Mason-Dixon (Facts About..., 2012). The border was thus drawn along the Gila River. Ambassador James Gadsden then travelled to Mexico with the view of making a purchase for some of Mexican territory. Mexico actually needed this money and offered the North of Mexico and Baja California. However, Congress authorized a bare minimum to regain the Mormon built road as they were afraid of adding more territory that ran slavery. According to Mexican law, native tribes had their land claims recognized but Americans only con sidered title deeds as land claims. The Apache wars lasted from 1848 to 1886 with the surrender of Geronimo after which the south of New Mexico was enjoined with the American Confederate States (Facts About..., 2012). Arizona has a unique political history. It was the first state to allow women voters, as well as the first to allow judges to be recalled. It was also the first state to let public petitions override the legislature and constitution of the state. Its recent reforms have included state

Summary report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary report - Essay Example During the period between 1993 and 2010, Dr. Lvov has published more than 70 papers on layer-by-layer assembly. Nano-assembly on microtemplates and nanocapsules are described. The most interesting, however, as the potential applications of halloysite, as described by Lvov: these include delivery of herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides, anticorrosion agents for protective coating, plastic fillers and drug sustained release, hydrogen storage and even catalytic materials (Lvov). This information is followed by empirical research findings. Some authors concentrate on the analysis of nanoparticles use in medicine. Zheng et al discuss the benefits of layer-by-layer encapsulation for the poorly water-soluble anticancer drugs (7679). In this study, the researchers mixed curcumin with an organic solvent miscible with water, obtained curcumin crystals of 60-100 mm size via ultrasonication, and coated them with the help of biocompatible polyelectrolytes (Zheng et al 7679). The use of layer-by-layer encapsulation proved to effective in sustained drug release from nanoparticles (Zheng et al 7679). Franz et al followed the similar pattern and explored nano self-assembly coating of A.vinosum, to gain better knowledge of substrate uptake in bacteria (164). The authors found out that the coated cells surface charge does not affect sulfide uptake: obviously, defining the surface properties of bacteria has far-reaching implications for microbiological and biotechnological applications (Franz et al. 167). In a similar vein, Shutava et al prove that layer-by-layer techniques can be successfully utilized, to help the encapsulated anticancer drug material to retain its biological activity and block hypatocyte growth factor (1877). Layer-by-layer techniques can also involve the use of tubular halloysite clay, to ensure the sustained release of drug loaded halloysite tubes (Veerbadran et al. 100). In this context, Abdullayev et al.

Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Cultural Anthropology - Essay Example I have seen tourists, however, who travel to distant lands, but still eat their own national food and speak their own languages. This is because they do not know how to observe and learn from other cultures. Anthropology teaches the skills of learning from others, and seeing difference as something positive. Anthropology is showing me that people are going to have to learn to adapt to new working conditions in the future. I am worried that some people will not handle unemployment very well, and they will not be able to find work because manufacturing is disappearing in some countries. I would like work in an area like job and skills training so that I can help people to adapt to the technology and other skills they will need. I think it is not just about learning to use the computer or understanding the information that comes through different media. I think people will have to learn to cope with being alone in their homes, and working from there, for example, because there is going to be too much pollution with transport to and from large cities. This means that people need to learn how to have a social life that is not connected directly with the place of work. They might have to find virtual friends, or create a different society for home workers. I can remember the first time that I was in a large group of native English speakers. My English was not very good, and suddenly I was afraid of that situation. The reason for my fear was that the people were talking very loudly, and laughing with each other. I thought they were rude, and I did not want to be a part of the group. This made me miserable. If I had known about anthropology back then, I would have realized that I was making a big mistake. I was applying the rules of my culture to a different situation. The truth is that actually they were not rude. They were just being friendly. When they call each other names and push each other around, it is just the way that they have of

Corporate Social Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Social Reporting - Essay Example Companies that embrace corporate social responsibility have received long-term positive benefits. These include better working conditions, which in turn increases productivity and innovation, increased trust and enhanced reputation with stakeholders and greater customer loyalty. Businesses also receive better publicity through media reports. Indeed, staff turnover in companies such as Starbucks and Bettys and Taylors is low. In the latter, its philanthropic ways extend all the way to the employees, who have seen improvements in working relations and strong ties are developed with suppliers that not only certify quality in their produce, but also ensure these produce are grown in a socially responsible manner (10). On the contrary, pressure groups are making their presence known. In 1995, Royal Dutch/Shell suffered negative publicity as well as heavy losses when European boycotted them in their bid to dispose an oil platform at sea (3). Evidently, the business practice of being social ly responsible is highly preferred. In a study on the power and size of firms, there are loopholes present in smaller organizations that, for instance, violate legal rights of workers in cleaning subcontractors. Although this issue is not uncommon with the larger firms, it is found that they exercise greater care as their business is reliant on the state (9). However, in another study, it is found that both small and large firms are likely to participate in corporate social responsibility moves based on their visibility, resource access and scale of operations (4). The two studies are rather conflicting evidence of how corporate social responsibility is adopted by firms of different sizes. Perhaps, a small business operating locally is not as likely to be subject to public scrutiny compared to a larger one operating globally. Larger organizations are embracing this practice far more, which gives them a competitive advantage as the stakeholders they affect are wider. Furthermore, they are able to attract younger talents who yearns more than fat remuneration packages (8). Small businesses, on the other hand, are driven to embrace this practice because differentiation is their key reliance. With this strategic foresight, they are able to find opportunities in a growing market (2). However, these all boils down to management decision on whether to embrace this philosophy or not. 2.3 The profitability strength of businesses that uses CSR As mentioned earlier, companies that adopt corporate social responsibility receive better recognition than those who do not. Customer loyalty and consumer trust are key points in sustaining a business as evident in the Body Shop. Smaller firms practising CSR are a great target for acquisition even though there have been no drastic change in their combined earnings or improvements in the way they carry out their business in terms of being socially responsible. Although consumers are looking for healthier options when buying products, it is found that only a handful will actually pay a premium for such

Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Cultural Anthropology - Essay Example I have seen tourists, however, who travel to distant lands, but still eat their own national food and speak their own languages. This is because they do not know how to observe and learn from other cultures. Anthropology teaches the skills of learning from others, and seeing difference as something positive. Anthropology is showing me that people are going to have to learn to adapt to new working conditions in the future. I am worried that some people will not handle unemployment very well, and they will not be able to find work because manufacturing is disappearing in some countries. I would like work in an area like job and skills training so that I can help people to adapt to the technology and other skills they will need. I think it is not just about learning to use the computer or understanding the information that comes through different media. I think people will have to learn to cope with being alone in their homes, and working from there, for example, because there is going to be too much pollution with transport to and from large cities. This means that people need to learn how to have a social life that is not connected directly with the place of work. They might have to find virtual friends, or create a different society for home workers. I can remember the first time that I was in a large group of native English speakers. My English was not very good, and suddenly I was afraid of that situation. The reason for my fear was that the people were talking very loudly, and laughing with each other. I thought they were rude, and I did not want to be a part of the group. This made me miserable. If I had known about anthropology back then, I would have realized that I was making a big mistake. I was applying the rules of my culture to a different situation. The truth is that actually they were not rude. They were just being friendly. When they call each other names and push each other around, it is just the way that they have of

Video Game Is Harmful To Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Video Game Is Harmful To Children - Essay Example In a Gallup poll conducted in 1984, over 93% of American teenagers had participated in video games for at least some of the time. By the year 2001, sales of video game were projected to reach eight billion dollars, with more than 280 million units sold in the year 2000 alone. Approximately 60 percent of all American population regularly plays video games and the annual worldwide video games sales reached 20 billion dollars (Evra, 197). This popularity and strong appeal of video games brought great controversy, with some people arguing in their favor and others arguing against them. As Gunter points out, one of the most dangerous aspects of video games is that they can become addictive. They make players to feel constantly compelled to be involved with them and they may portray a lack of interest in other tasks. They cause withdrawal symptoms if a player attempts to stop playing them for some time. Video games critics also hold the view that video games have a corrupting control on yo uths and children in that they encourage anti-social behavior and glorify violence. They argue that most video games have tendencies of feeding into masculine fantasies of control, destruction and power, rather than feeding into co-operation and bargaining (Gunter, 15). Themes of violence characterize them. As opposed to watching TV, playing video games is interactive and therefore, it is much more psychologically involving. The effects of their violent themes on children are therefore more pronounced. A video game use survey revealed that 70% of 118 M-rated games (games for mature audiences above 17 years of age) were aimed at children below 17 years. More disturbing is the fact that younger children could readily access these allegedly restricted video games. Unaccompanied 13 to 16-year-old children were in a position to purchase M-rated video games 85% of the time. Apparently, as they produce and market these games, sell them, and agree to the children to buy and play them, the v ideo-game industry, retailers and parents respectively do not have the best interests of children at heart. Shifting the blame to parents, the video game industry in defense asserts that they are just providing to children what they want and that children know that the games are not real. They also disagree with the argument that video games triggers and increases violence among children and youths (Taylor, 10-11). McGraw cites a latest content analysis by a research organization called Children Now indicates that most of the video games include violence and that almost half of the violent incidents would culminate into death or serious injuries in the ‘real’ world. He adds that children tend to resolve anxiety wrongly by externalizing it. Consequently, when they become anxious, they have the tendency of externalizing it rather than conveying it emotionally through crying, talking about it, soothing themselves, expressing it to someone, or through calming themselves. Th ey can be mean to a pet; they can assault something; or even kick a wall. Children who play these video games exhibit an increased rate of violent responses.  McGraw further notes that violent video games do not teach moral consequences to children. They, for example, do not teach that if one shoots somebody he/she should go to jail/get penalized. Instead, such acts earn the player extra points! The most damaging facet of violent video gam

Once Were Warriors Essay Example for Free

Once Were Warriors Essay â€Å"Forget the big players in the world; it is the people in the margins of our society whose stories are most compelling. † To what extent do you agree with this statement? Respond to this question with close reference to one or more text(s) you have studied. The Heke family that feature in the ground-breaking New Zealand film from 1994, ‘Once were warriors’ directed by Lee Tamahori are clearly a family living on the margins of society. They live in a state house next to a busy and noisy motorway in South Auckland, New Zealand. Their story is undoubtedly a compelling one: an abusive husband with a love of beer drinking and parties who gains respect from the use of his fists at the local pub; a long-suffering wife who has somehow managed to hold the family together through an obviously tumultuous 18 year marriage; a disillusioned older son who flees the dysfunctional household to join a gang; a pubescent daughter who is the de-facto mother of the family; another son who has gotten in with the wrong crowd and is committing petty theft and two younger children, Polly and Huata. Director Lee Tamahori uses a range of camera and sound techniques, dialogue and compelling themes to teach us about the dangers of excessive alcoholism and moving away from our ancestral connections. Jake ‘the muss’ Heke is a compelling protagonist. After being laid off from his job, he uses his redundancy money to bring home seafood for his family. We are initially positioned to see him as a loving and caring family man, that is until his wife Beth discovers he has been laid off and sees her dreams of buying their own home go out the window. Jake is a man of excuses who sees the dole as being â€Å"only 15 bucks a week less than my wages† and bursts into a tirade of abuse when his wife Beth resists his sexual advances after discovering the truth. Jake also excuses his own propensity for violence when he says, â€Å"Look when I get like that, get out of my way, but you’ve got to get all lippy on me. Sure I’ve a temper, but who hasn’t? † It is apparent that Jake has an inferiority complex dating right back to his courting days of Beth saying â€Å"I was never bloody good enough† and that he descends from a â€Å"long line of slaves† unlike Beth who originates from more upper-class Maori roots. What this highlights is that domestic violence, while inexcusable can often have its origin in insecurities from years beforehand. This is why men in particular need to seek help when they are struggling with issues instead of resorting to excessive bing-drinking to numb emotional pain. Jake’s wife, Beth is also on the margins of society as we see her struggling to raise her family amidst all the physical and verbal abuse around her. Gradually the low angle shots of Beth become more prominent as her courage to stand up to her abusive husband increases as also seen in her dialogue. I won’t have any more of these parties or your bloody ugly mongrel mates coming over. † Tragically, Beth’s surge in power in response to Jake’s failure to take the family to see Boogie in the Boy’s home comes too late, as unbeknownst to her, Uncle Bully has raped her daughter, Grace sending her into a downward spiral which culminates in her suicide. Beth’s cou rage in standing up to Jake and restoring the family without him is compelling. It must have inspired many women across New Zealand and indeed the world to leave behind dysfunctional and violent domestic set-ups. The fabulous low-key lighting and low angle shot of Beth at the end as she calmly informs Jake that ‘from now on I make the decisions for my family’ is inspirational and reminds us of the ‘mana, pride and spirit’ that many Maori have. She finally goes ‘home’ to her Maori ancestral roots as well as literally home to restore her devastated family in the wake of Jake’s departure. Perhaps the most compelling story of hope in the film is that of younger son, Boogie who is ‘sent into welfare’ after the state decides his family can no longer control him after his mother, Beth fails to accompany him to a court hearing (due to suffering a beating and rape at the hands of Jake) as a result of a string of petty crimes. Boogie finally gets the tough love he needs from Maori man, Bennett a distinguished tane who teaches Boogie to use ‘his taiaha on the inside,’ instead of on the outside. Boogie learns that true mana is found by using your mind and developing the inner-strength and resolve to solve problems instead of resorting to violence. Bennett, initially called a ‘black bastard’ by Boogie despite being Maori trains Boogie to reconnect with his maori tikanga and culture which effectively clears up Boogie’s confusion about his Maori identity and that this can be a source of pride. This shows that with the appropriate guidance, initially wayward youth can have a chance to redeem themselves, although this is a job parents and to a lesser extent teachers need to be doing. State foster homes should only be a last resort. In conclusion, ‘Once Were Warriors’ left an indelible mark on the psyche of many New Zealanders with its brutal violence and depiction of problems such as binge-drinking and poverty that previously were swept under the carpet. Only by examining characters on the margins of society can we truly learn how easy it is to get there ourselves if we do not value our families, our education or seek help when we are struggling with issues from our past. The story of the Heke family is a compelling one and a story we would do well to consider seriously.

Causes of and Needs Related to Intellectual Disability

Causes of and Needs Related to Intellectual Disability Demonstrate knowledge of causes and associated condition related to intellectual disability Candidate’s full name: Hangbun Tang Task 1 Give 2 definitions of intellectual disability in accordance with a recognised source. Follow prescribed APA format when citing sources. Definition 1: Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in the intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving), or adaptive behaviour, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18. Source: Frequently Asked Questions on Intellectual Disability, American Association on intellectual and developmental disabilities. Definition 2: Intellectual disability is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills. These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. Source: National Dissemination Centre for children with Disabilities. Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this impact on the person adaptive skill: Adaptive skills are those daily life skills needed for living, working and playing in the community. It includes communication, social skills, self-care, health and safety, basic reading, numbering, time, money†¦. Furthermore, adaptive skills are assessed in the person’s typical across all aspects of an individual’s life. When a person with an intellectual disability and they don’t know about their disability, it might be hard for them to learn about the realistic, and growing up to be a responsible person. If that person always treated as a child, it will be very hard when he/she grow up. Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this impact on the person cognitive ability: Cognitive ability is the ability to think and process information. When a person grows up with an intellectual disability, this person will be hardly to receive the information or misunderstood about the instruction. Most of intellectual disability people are having a big issues of problem solving, comparing to a typical people. Task 2 2.1 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur before birth and describe 2 main characteristics of the effects. Example 1: Prader Willi Syndrome (Genetic factor) Source: The American Association on intellectual and developmental disabilities. Main characteristics: If a person grows up with the prader willi syndrome, his/her genitals not a well developed, has almond shaped eyes, and a small down turned mouth. And the skeletal abnormalities and has small hands and feet with the delayed motor skill. Example 2: Foetal alcohol syndrome Source: The American Association on intellectual and developmental disabilities. Main characteristics: The baby will have a low birth weight and has small head and facial abnormalities, comparing to a typical baby. Failure to thrive, developmental delay, has behaviour problems, hyperactivity and poor social skills. 2.2 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during or immediately following birth and describe 2 main characteristics of the effects. Example 1: Hypoxia Source: FAQ on intellectual disabilities, AAIDD Main characteristics: Babies born with hypoxia condition present at birth with pale or blue tinged skin and slow heart rate. Baby will also find difficulty in breathing, feeding, and has a poor muscle tone (floppy baby). Example 2: Trauma Source: FAQ on intellectual disabilities, AAIDD Main characteristics: The baby will be unresponsive and inability to regulate or maintain the body temperature. The baby will have problem with breathing and tissue damaged (obvious bruising, swelling and/or intracranial bleed). Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during childhood years and describe the impact on the day to day support needs of the person. Outcome 3: Describe conditions frequently associated with intellectual disability. Task 3 Condition 1: Spina Bifida Cause/s: Birth defect of the spinal column occurs 21 to 28 days after conception. Sometime during the first month of the pregnancy, the two sides of the spine (backbone) join together to cover the spinal cord, spinal nerves and meninges (the tissues covering the spinal cord). Spina Bifida refers to any birth defect involving incomplete closure of the spine. Main characteristics 1: partial or complete lack of sensation or paralysis of the legs. Main characteristics 2: fluid buildup inside the skull (hydrocephalus) and dimpling of the sacral area. Description of the support needs of the person with the condition: Physical support needs: Medical and surgical interventions Mobility aids Continence needs Adapting environment Social support: Transport and community access Friendship and activities support Opportunity for education and work Cognitive support needs: Learning support Aids to support learning Condition 2: Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Cause/s: Foetal Alcohol Syndrome is growth, mental and physical problems that may occur in a baby when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. Main characteristics 1: problem with face narrow, small eyes with large epicanthal folds and small head. Main characteristics 2: small upper jaw, smooth groove in upper lip, smooth and thin upper lip. Description of the support needs of the person with the condition: Physical support needs: Medical supervision. Physiotherapy. Assistance with daily living activities. Social support needs: Interaction with friends training. Behavior management training. Support activities Cognitive support needs: Support educational opportunities. Aids to support learning. Assist with communication. Condition 3: Prader Willi Syndrome Cause/s: a gene missing on part of chromosome 15. Normally, your parents each pass down a copy of this chromosome. Main characteristics 1: If a person grows up with the prader willi syndrome, his/her genitals not a well developed, has almond shaped eyes, and a small down turned mouth. Main characteristics 2: The skeletal abnormalities and has small hands and feet with the delayed motor skill. Description of the support needs of the person with the condition: Physical support needs: Specialist weight management. Exercise. Remove food (usually locked away). Medical supervision. Social needs: Consistency about food issues. Activities which are unrelated to food. Provide distractions so life is not centered on food. Cognitive needs: Routine about meal times. Educate about managing own diet. Educational support. Reference List: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.  http://aaidd.org Bray, Anne. (2003). Definition of Intellectual Disability. Donald Beasley Institute. Intellectual Disability Causes and Prevention  http://www.inclusionireland.ie/sites/default/files/documents/causesandpreventionbooklet.pdf National Dissemination Centre for Children with Disabilities.  http://nichcy.org/disability/specific/intellectual Oliver, Michael. (1997). The Politic of Disablement, critical texts in social work and the welfare state.  London: Greenwich Macmillan.

The Critical Period Hypothesis of Language Acquisition Essay -- Neurol

The Critical Period Hypothesis of Language Acquisition "Ahhhhh!" I yell in frustration. "I've been studying Spanish for seven years, and I still can't speak it fluently." "Well, honey, it's not your fault. You didn't start young enough," my mom says, trying to comfort me. Although she doesn't know it, she is basing her statement on the Critical Period Hypothesis. The Critical Period Hypothesis proposes that the human brain is only malleable, in terms of language, for a limited time. This can be compared to the critical period referred to in to the imprinting seen in some species, such as geese. During a short period of time after a gosling hatches, it begins to follow the first moving object that it sees. This is its critical period for imprinting. (1) The theory of a critical period of language acquisition is influenced by this phenomenon. This hypothetical period is thought to last from birth to puberty. During this time, the brain is receptive to language, learning rules of grammar quickly through a relatively small number of examples. After puberty, language learning becomes more difficult. The Critical Period Hypothesis attributes this difficulty to a drastic change in the way that the brain processes language after puberty. This makes reaching fluency during adulthood much more difficult than it is in childhood. The field of language acquisition is very experimental because scientists still do not completely understand how the brain deals with language. Broca's area and Wernicke's area are two parts of the brain that have long been identified as areas important for language. Broca's area is the left frontal cortex, while Wernicke's area is the left posterior temporal lobe. These areas are co... ...ar [Part 1] Forum area of Gene Expression websight. http://www.gnxp.com/ 5) The Biological Foundations of Language, Does Empirical Evidence Support Innateness of Language? by Bora Lee. http://www.duke.edu/~pk10/language/neuro.htm 6) Evolution of Universal Grammar by Martin A. Nowak, Natalia L. Komarova, and Partha Niyogi. http://www.ptb.ias.edu/nowak/pdf/Science01.pdf 7) Universal Grammar by Charles Henry. http://www.ptb.ias.edu/nowak/pdf/Science01.pdf 8) A concept of 'critical period' for language acquisition, Its implication for adult language learning by Katsumi Nagai. http://www.tsuyama-ct.ac.jp/kats/papers/kn7/kn7.htm 9) Brain signatures of artificial language processing: Evidence challenging the critical language hypothesis by Angela Friederici, Karsten Steinhauer, and Erdmut Pfeifer. http://www.giccs.georgetown.edu/~steinhau/pnas2002.pdf

Affirmative Action: The White Women-have Made The Greatest Gains

â€Å"Affirmative action was orginally designed to help minorities, but women-especially white women-have made the greatest gains as a result of these programs†(Gross, 1996). Affirmative action is a growing argument among our society. It is multifaceted and very often defined vaguely. Many people define affirmative action as the ability to strive for equality and inclusiveness. Others might see it as a quote-based system for different minority groups. I agree and support affirmative actions in that individual†s should be treated equally. I feel affirmative action as an assurance that the best qualified person will receive the job. Is affirmative action fair? In 1974, a woman named Rose was truned down for a supervisory job in favor of a male. She was told that she was the most qualified person, but the position was going to be filled by a man, because he had a family to support. Five years before that, when Rose was about to fill an entry-level position in bank! ing, a personnel officer outlined the woman†s pay scale, which was $25 to $50 month less than what men were being payed for the same position. Rose was furious because she felt this was descriminating to her. She confronted the personnel officer and he saw nothing wrong with it. Thanks to affirmative action today things like these situations are becoming more rare and/or corrected more quickly. Affirmative action has definately helped women and minorities in their careers, but it has yet to succed in the goal of equality to the fullest for the business world to woment and minorities. Some observers argue that women have made huge strides! with the help of affirmative action. They now hold 40 percent of all corporate middle-management jobs, and the number of women-owned businesses has grown by 57 percent since 1982†³(Blackwood, 1995). â€Å"Affirmative action was desinged to give qualified minorities a chance to compete on equal footing with Whites† (Chappell, 1995). Equal opportunities for the blacks, for the most part, has remained more wishful-thinking than fact. Black students are continuing to struggle to seek an education, black business owners are still competing against their White counterparts, and black workers are experienceing an unemployment rate twice that of Whites and hold dead-end, labor-intensive, low-paying jobs. â€Å"Few can argue that racism is still rampant in awarding craontcts, jobs, and educational opportunities, eventhough it†s been proven benefical to have peop[le of different races with different ideas and different experiences working toward the same goal† (Chappell, 1995). The employment outlook for minorities is grim, but not hopeless. We definaltely need affirmative action to overcome the disparities of employment that exist int his country. A recent Urban Benchmarks† study found that of 71 metro areas surveyed nationwide, Pittsburgh had the highest rate of employment-related problems among non-Hispanic whites between! the ages of 25 and 54 and the sixth highest rate among African Americans in the same age group. We have a lot of problems with basic education here and if you don†t have basic education, you have no chance of getting a good job because competition is increasing for everyone. We must make sure that we educate our potential work force, including minorities, or our competitive edge, if we have one, will continue to decline in golbal markets. Many jobs today are in the technician and technologist area. â€Å"Jobs require more than a high-school diploma,but less than a four-year degree–such as an associate degree or certificate fro! m a vocational or trade school† (Kovatch, 1996). As more and more women faced discrimination in large firms, more decided to strike out on their own. In conclusion, most Americans know that the deck is stacked against poor kids. They also realize that, because of past discrimination, an extraordinary number of those facing unequal opportunities are black. So, while 75 percent of Americans oppose racial preferences, according to a 1995 Washington Post/ABC poll, two-thirds with to â€Å"change† affirmative actionprograms rather than â€Å"do away with them entirely†. But the public also realized that, in real life, the legacy of discrimination is not always so neat. It is diffuse, and it requires a broader remedy. Affirmative Action: The White Women-have Made The Greatest Gains â€Å"Affirmative action was orginally designed to help minorities, but women-especially white women-have made the greatest gains as a result of these programs†(Gross, 1996). Affirmative action is a growing argument among our society. It is multifaceted and very often defined vaguely. Many people define affirmative action as the ability to strive for equality and inclusiveness. Others might see it as a quote-based system for different minority groups. I agree and support affirmative actions in that individual†s should be treated equally. I feel affirmative action as an assurance that the best qualified person will receive the job. Is affirmative action fair? In 1974, a woman named Rose was truned down for a supervisory job in favor of a male. She was told that she was the most qualified person, but the position was going to be filled by a man, because he had a family to support. Five years before that, when Rose was about to fill an entry-level position in bank! ing, a personnel officer outlined the woman†s pay scale, which was $25 to $50 month less than what men were being payed for the same position. Rose was furious because she felt this was descriminating to her. She confronted the personnel officer and he saw nothing wrong with it. Thanks to affirmative action today things like these situations are becoming more rare and/or corrected more quickly. Affirmative action has definately helped women and minorities in their careers, but it has yet to succed in the goal of equality to the fullest for the business world to woment and minorities. Some observers argue that women have made huge strides! with the help of affirmative action. They now hold 40 percent of all corporate middle-management jobs, and the number of women-owned businesses has grown by 57 percent since 1982†³(Blackwood, 1995). â€Å"Affirmative action was desinged to give qualified minorities a chance to compete on equal footing with Whites† (Chappell, 1995). Equal opportunities for the blacks, for the most part, has remained more wishful-thinking than fact. Black students are continuing to struggle to seek an education, black business owners are still competing against their White counterparts, and black workers are experienceing an unemployment rate twice that of Whites and hold dead-end, labor-intensive, low-paying jobs. â€Å"Few can argue that racism is still rampant in awarding craontcts, jobs, and educational opportunities, eventhough it†s been proven benefical to have peop[le of different races with different ideas and different experiences working toward the same goal† (Chappell, 1995). The employment outlook for minorities is grim, but not hopeless. We definaltely need affirmative action to overcome the disparities of employment that exist int his country. A recent Urban Benchmarks† study found that of 71 metro areas surveyed nationwide, Pittsburgh had the highest rate of employment-related problems among non-Hispanic whites between! the ages of 25 and 54 and the sixth highest rate among African Americans in the same age group. We have a lot of problems with basic education here and if you don†t have basic education, you have no chance of getting a good job because competition is increasing for everyone. We must make sure that we educate our potential work force, including minorities, or our competitive edge, if we have one, will continue to decline in golbal markets. Many jobs today are in the technician and technologist area. â€Å"Jobs require more than a high-school diploma,but less than a four-year degree–such as an associate degree or certificate fro! m a vocational or trade school† (Kovatch, 1996). As more and more women faced discrimination in large firms, more decided to strike out on their own. In conclusion, most Americans know that the deck is stacked against poor kids. They also realize that, because of past discrimination, an extraordinary number of those facing unequal opportunities are black. So, while 75 percent of Americans oppose racial preferences, according to a 1995 Washington Post/ABC poll, two-thirds with to â€Å"change† affirmative actionprograms rather than â€Å"do away with them entirely†. But the public also realized that, in real life, the legacy of discrimination is not always so neat. It is diffuse, and it requires a broader remedy.

Child & Young Person Development

0-3 yearsNewborn babies will have next to no control over their own bodies. Very small movements such as sucking and grasping these are all dependent on a series of reflexes; they do these in order to survive. By the end of their first year they would of gain more advanced mobility.Gross motor skills- for using their larger muscles to being into the sitting position without any assistance. And more fine motor skills- for using much smaller muscles like fingers and toes to being able to pass objects from hand to hand.In their second year babies/toddlers will still continue to development stronger muscles and continue to grow quickly. By this age they might be able walk and they will have more control on these movements and maybe able to feed themselves. They will have much enjoyment in playing games and toys such as playing ball, climbing on furniture or on the stairs. By the third year they might be able to dress themselves maybe with little assistance from others. And for fine motor skills with holding and drawing with pencils and pens. Also by this age they should have full ability for feeding themselves. As they continue to grow to grow so does their confidence as well.3-7 yearsBy this age children would of already started school and therefore will be able to show many different co-ordinated movements. Still be growing as a small person in confidence as a result. They should be improving skills already acquired so far but they will learn to have more control on fine motor skills such as using scissors for cutting and a pen for writing. As they continue to develop their gross motor skills will be more refined in more active activities such as running, playing sports and with use of larger equipment.7-12 years By this age group children will still continue to grow and train them skills. And now should have interest and hobbies, in which they will enjoy doing them. They will start to become more experienced in some areas a great example of this could be playing a particular sport such as football or even dance. In these activities much finer movement might be needed and this will be required for playing an musical instrument. As from this early age girls just might have started some signs of puberty, but boys usually start this later on.12-16 years This is when boys usually start puberty where girls will have now to have regular periods. There might be a large variety in height and strength. Boys will tenders to be taller than most girls on average.16-19 years This is when young people are now classed as young adults. Most girls would of now reached physical movement. Where on the other hand boys will still grow and change into their mid 20s.Communication and intellectual development Children will learn and develop at different stages. Language is a link to learning. They pick things up from their own experiences and from opportunities that they might be given from a very early age. Both communication and intellectual development can be s eem from certain tasks, and then will show own strengths and abilities by those tasks. People will have many different ideas/ways about the learning development of the way children learn. 0-3 yearsThere have been many studies shown, that in cases children who have been neglected from an early age; who don’t spend time with adults to those who have time spending time with adults. Those children who have been neglected will find it hard to learn skills and won’t have effective communication in later life. Even though babies are unable to grasp what is being said to them.They will listen and will enjoy songs and dance movement. By the end  of their first year children will start to communicate through odd words then will start to put one and two words together. As they develop so will their vocabulary will increase quite quickly, to on average most children at this age of two will know about 200 words. When they reach 2-3 years old they will still make errors with in th e correct grammar when speaking.3-7 yearsAs children start nurseries and schools as they become more social, they will gain a wider range of encounters, by this they will start to increase the number of parses that are well known and expressing. As they develop more they will start to ask a lot of questions such as â€Å"why† and â€Å"what†. Talking in past and further tenses will become easier and will be spoken with more confidence. And will look for approval from adults when starting a task.7-12 years By this age children will become fluent speakers on their main language(s). Their reading and writing abilities will become more developed. They will start to deliberate ideas they may have. They will start to show learning in more abstract terms. They will start to grasp information and will start in a more intellectual way.12-18 years By this age children would be starting or already started high school and will know what they like and dislike, favourite or least fa vourite subjects at school. And more interest will be shown in these liked subjects and activities and therefore be more absorbed in these. By this age children will be getting ready to select their chosen GCSE’s and A’ levels they would like to accomplish. If young adults lack confidence this maybe with the way it is being truant. Every young adult will feel the need to belong and feel good with what they doing and within them.16-19 years This is the time that most young adults will be leaving education and will start thinking about careers or university. And from them subjects they have chosen what qualifications they have gained. In these areas of interest,  strength will still carry on to develop as they move on.Social, emotional and behavioural development To become confided independent adults, as children we learn and develop from watching and relating to others. By being social from an early age we then learn the rights and wrongs and what is normal for accept able behaviour. In order to develop they will need to feel safe and in a secure setting environment to develop into a confided strong minded adult who advises their best ability.0-3 years As from every early age babies will gain a strong bond or attachment to which they spread most time with e.g. parent or carers. Though this social development as time goes by they will want to start to do for themselves and though disturbance will or may have tantrums of some kind.3-7years Children will still continue to find their identities. They will adore starting to play with others and with using imaginative play they will then be able to socialise. It is vital that they learn boundaries and grade lines, and why they are there. Children will still long for adult approval when given responsibility.7-12years Children will start to gain long term friends and come to be more settled in these relationships. They will be able to accomplished many forms of different activities and learn to solve pro blems. As they gain more experience they will still need to be reassurance and will quickly learn to be aware of what others think of them. All children should be given plenty of praise and encouragement to help them find themselves and nurture.12-16years As children become into young adults there will be a lot of change inside and out, with various different signs of maturity and may become vulnerable. Therefore children will still need adult guidance from many ways. Even  though they are will spending more time with other peeps; they will show some signs of childish behaviour. This age group will find themselves under pressure or stress of growing up, doing well in exams at school and what will or might be expected from them. They therefore might be unaware on how to behave in different circumstances that might occur.16-19years As they leave education and entre adulthood they will require guidance from others. As they start to entre careers and jobs thy will have none or very li ttle experience. This will influence on their emotional development and will have a knock on effect to the way they interact with others. And therefore adults should understand to their needs.1.2 From a child having an ability or disability to do something can have an effect on their development as a whole. A child’s development could be slip into groups, but they interlink with one another. If a child doesn’t develop well in a subject or an area it can affect many different ones. For example if a child is overweight not only can disrupt with their physical development, it could also have a huge impact on their social and emotional. If other peers tease them about either being overweight or by not being able to do some actives, it could make them less social with making friends. Then the child could find it humiliating, embarrassing and become self-conscious and this will affect their emotional side by low self-esteem. But if a child is talented at something it could a lso affect motions of development.Physical development Social, emotional and behavioural development – Fine motor skill & hand-eye coordination – sharing mealtimes with one another – taking turnsCOOKINGCommunication and intellectual development Measuring quantities Deciding on appropriate menus Using language to describe foods Learning how food and nutrition affect growth and health Sitting down to eat together and conversing with one another2. Understand the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s development2.1 There are many different influences that could effect on a child’s development. These developments are subjective by a range of factors such as their backgrounds, their health and their environment. All these influences will have impact on different areas.Pupils’ background and family environment Many families will go through change within a child’s time at school these may be due to arrange of different e nvironment within family life different cultures and circumstances and school maybe unaware of any changes. These may be a loss of a family member, illness, moving house or even moving to a new country. Anyone of these could have a huge impact on a child’s life by their emotional development and might have a knock on effect on their intellectual development, then this could change a child’s behaviour and to learn as a factor.Pupils Health It is important that adults to be aware of any health problems that arise. If a child/young adult suffers from poor health or as a disability or impairment. This may restrict their development opportunities. A great example is if a child is overweight due to a medical conditions might be less able to take part in some activities. This may start to affect their physical development; this will then affect social activities. The knock on effect to again emotional will also be impacted. So with adults well aware they should be aware of co nditions & circumstances and that the right amount of support can be given.Poverty and deprivation These are likely to have a extreme influence on a child’s development, it’s proven that if a child comes from a deprived background; they are less likely to achieve well in school. They might find it hard due to lack of opportunities due to parents finding it too hard to manage their needs. By this it will have a turn on impacting on all areas of their development, or lack of it, by this the child will respond differently to situations than others.Personal choices As children turn in to young adults they will start to make their own choices on life, friendships and activities and so on. They will need advice and support from adults to enable then to make the right choices that are right for them.Looked after/ care status If a child is in care, this will have an impact on their development in many different ways. Each child should be monitored closely for any change by hav ing regular meetings. This is too able to meet their needs of that child. And to make sure they are making expected levels of progress. For where any concerns that arise they can be addressed straight away.Education Children learn at different stages; but some children may start school without any previous education. Alternatively that child may come from home schooling environment or maybe just a different way of schooling altogether. Therefore the way o child could be taught can be very well different. So as a result that child may need some extra support till they have settled in.2.2 Anyone who works with or raises children, they need to have a solid understanding of a child development and what makes that child tick. As it is very important to know what is normal for that child and what’s not. By looking out for any problems, we will be able to offer the care and support  needed to get that child back on track. For example, if a child is suffering from a break up in the family; it can be very stressful for that child and this could have an influence on their development as they could become very upset, lash out, could stop eating or could stop talking altogether.It is at most importance that the child feels they’re not at fault. There is certain problem that arises that needs to be disclosed with the school so that safety, integrity and respect on how the issue might impact on the child. In effect is to be proactive to let the child’s teacher know the following problems can stave off more severe issues, that including behaviour problems, poor grades or having difficulty to adjust to the situation the child’s family will be facing. The teacher should inform the child’s parents/carers of any concerns they feel they might have. The sooner the parents are aware the easier it will be to step in and help given any additional support that may be needed.3. Understand the potential effects of transitions on children and young pe ople’s development.3.1 Most children/ young adults may experience transitions. This may be long or short term. Transitions is known as a significant stage or experience in the life this could have an effect on their behaviour and development. Some children go through transitions when starting school for the first time or changing from one school to another, moving house can also have an impact on the child, in that they will have to make new friends. Many children make these transitions without prior personal experience. This can seem appear to them as a daunting list of ‘firsts’. For example a child’s first day at nursery or school; first night away from mum and dad etc. All these could affect the different areas of development.3.2 Sometimes transition can happen that can’t be prepared for, and it is important that the school have polices and carry out the right procedure for dealing in these seduction. If there isn’t a procedure to follow t hat it can be quite different to deal with. Sometimes it can be over looked when the  school is informed of any changes; but if we notice any changes within a child who is behaving uncharacteristically it is important that others are informed. Bereavement can have a huge impact on a child, Even if it is expected. Again the right procedure needs to be followed. Parental separation is likely to happen to a child at the school.And we will need to be sensitive when speaking to parents about this and the effects its having on the child. If a new member is being introduced, or if the amount of contact with a parent changes, this can also have a big impact on the child. Again sensually is required again when speaking about this matter. New siblings – this can found to be difficult to cope with. Emotional and behavioural development can change due to vying for parental attention, maybe for the first time.Moving house – a child can find moving house to an unknown school or ar ea to be very upsetting. It is likely that additional support should be given to help settle them. Change of carer – if a child that as moved a number of times this could again be upsetting and the child can become unsettled if they have a change of a career. The school should have both support and advice needed from social services. They both will need to work closely to help support that child. Illness or injury – we need to come to term with it and any changes in circumstances, even though these could be their own or loved one.3.3 It would be great if any advance notice could be given if a child/ group will be going through a transition so that the right opportunity to support them when or how needed. Some find it important to talk to people about their feeling during these periods by having positive relationships available. A child or group of children that are going through a transition may experience different ways. This may be:Become attention seeking Show signs of uncharacteristic behaviour Be very anxious Become quite and withdrawn If a child doesn’t receive any support other development could also be affected; by social and their emotional development. Children could find some transitions potentially traumatic.

Work Effectively with in Mental Health 21503

ASSIGNMENT Work Effectively in Mental Health CHCMH301A 21503A STUDENTS ARE ONLY REQUIRED TO COMPLETE PART B. PART B. Essential Knowledge Case Study Lee 1. What are some of the stigmas surrounding mental illness? Stigma is when someone judges you based on a personal trait. Unfortunately this is a common experience for people who have a mental health condition. Stigma may be obvious and direct, such as someone making a negative comment about your mental illness or treatment. Or it may be subtle, such as someone assuming you could be unstable, violent and dangerous. Some of the issues facing those suffering mental illness may include: Discrimination at school or work Difficulty finding work Bullying, physical violence or harassment The belief that you will never succeed at certain things, or that you can’t improve your situation 2. Mental illness is a form of disability. What does this mean in terms of legislation and standards of practice for people who experience mental illness? This means people who are suffering from mental illness are protected from direct or indirect discrimination based on disability. They are protected under a number of Acts. It also ensures they have access to, and are offered ital services and support. 3. How can the recovery model be applied to Lee’s situation? It is essential to involve Lee in the development of a recovery program to suit him and his situation, as well as the relationships in his life. The program you develop should be person-centred, and respectful of Lee’s lifestyle choices, pr eferences, goals, rights and responsibilities. Support and services for Lee, such as: Social interaction Employment, training, learning new skills Peer support groups & Education regarding Mental illness, Body dysmorphic disorder, Would all be beneficial to him, but he must be interested and willing to participate. . What rights and responsibilities will Lee have as a client of the mental health service? Lee has the right to: *Accurate and easy-to-understand information *Make decisions when possible *Relevant services (have access to) *Confidentiality *Complain and appeal *Be free from discrimination, to be treated with respect and as an individual Lee’s responsibilities include: *Participation in his recovery program planning *Informing his support group *Actively participating in the services, programs he has agreed to partake in *Seek help if he is feeling out of control, discriminated against, or fearful of a situation 5. What rights and responsibilities will Barbara have as Lee’s carer? Will Barbara have access to Lee’s personal and health information once he becomes 18 years old? As Lee’s carer, Barbara has a right to: *Current and accurate information *Advocate for Lee if she needs to *Be treated with respect and non-discrimination *Participate in the program planning process *Complain and appeal *Confidentiality Barbara has a responsibility to: *Advocate for Lee if needed *Share vital information with the care team *Work with others to help Lee succeed in the program *Respect Lee’s decisions *Care for Lee without discrimination Be aware of the Legislation surrounding caring for the mentally ill *Identify and respond to Lee’s risk of self-harm Barbara must obtain Lee’s permission to access his information once he turns 18 years old. 6. What action could be taken if Lee does not comply with his medication regimen or continues to be violent? Lee could be admi tted to hospital for medical treatment, or into a facility that specialises in Mental Illness. This is not only to protect him, but also those he lives with, as everyone has a right to be safe. 7. Lee’s father, Frank, is not coping with Lee’s disclosure of his homosexuality. Frank feels that Lee may be confused and not have sufficient knowledge or experience to be sure of his sexual preference. He would like Lee to receive counselling to help ‘sort this problem out’. What advice would you give Frank? You must remember to be respectful of Frank’s opinion and views. I would offer Frank information on homosexuality so he may better understand his son’s sexual preference and also suggest joining a support group. Frank cannot be told how to feel about his son’s sexuality, but giving him information may help him to understand and accept it more easily. . What other support and services are available to support Lee to live independently in the community if he chooses to leave the family home at some stage? *Housing assistance *Income support services *Community support groups *Education, training and employment services *Transport services REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY Aspire Training and Consulting Cengage Education PTY LTD 2010 www . health. qld. gov. au/mentalhealth www. wikipedia. org/bodydysmorphicdisorder www. au. reachout. com www. communities. qld. gov. au/supportservices